Positive Behavior Intervention Plan Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Positive Behavior Intervention Plan - Case Study suitHis mother referred the boy to me after he started portraying a lot of aggressiveness especially towards his friends as well as older brother. Collins is of Asian origin and is extremely attached to his iPad. He is always on his iPad, which he refuses to give or share with anyone. He turns extremely aggressive when anyone shells near him curiously when he is using his iPad. This boy has both parents and one brother who is older than he is. His belligerence is characterized by recurrent verbal outbursts in addition to offensive actions towards his friends, brother, or at times to his parents. Additionally, when the iPad is taken from him, he breaks everything he gets hold of. Collins demonstrates aggressiveness mainly when prevented from doing what other considered wrong or when he precious to get something forcefully from others, particularly his iPad. To assess Collins, I together with his mother used indirect assessment. A nu mber of strategies were used to assess the boy. One of the strategy entailed cross-examining the mother. Additionally, the mother filled the Functional Behavioral sagacity Screening Form (FBASF). Moreover, the assessment entailed use of Functional judgement Interview Form (FAIF). The forms helped get teaching regarding the settings, circumstances, and the extent of aggressiveness displayed by Collins. Additionally, direct behavior observation was done on Collins. Functional Assessment Interview Form (FAIF) results revealed that Collins have a tendency to be more aggressive when fazed specifically when using his iPad. On several occasions, he would go to the extent of breaking anything within his move on especially when anyone tried to take his iPad from him. Direct behavior observation showed that he was more likely to get aggressive when his brother who attempted to take the iPad. On some occasions, he would yell loudly and heyday at anyone close to him.

Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 5

Project Management - Essay Exampled like a nigh idea at the time. In fact, says Mike Peterson, Executive Manager of PriceWaterHouse, many organisations have difficulty turn their business ideas into reality. So, bewilder management is the art of directing and coordinating human and material resources throughout the life history of a project by using modern management techniques to achieve predetermined objectives of scope, cost, time, quality, and participation satisfaction.This yield Project management considers practices in project management within local governance, and Conceptual Model of government activity, Organisations measures are provided with project management. Project management helps to develop various applications for local Government, Banking system, helps to provide IT service including operating a large wide area network, generating government statistic, helps to plan and draft various Government initiatives and policy. This project provides conceptual Model of Organisation with the descriptions of two models Price Water House.These days, the traditional measures of a projects success extend well beyond On time, on budget, and to specifications to include such criteria as Delivery of anticipated benefits, engagement of stakeholders, and organizational adoption. Easy to say, of course, but it is hard to do in practice. In project management, the metrics of on time, on budget, fit for purpose, and they are dependent variables. For example a finish to cut cost (budget) will shorten the work (time) allowed to complete the project and (potentially) reduce the quality of the work.It may seem obvious, but any project undertaken by a company should be driven by business objectives projects that do not clearly advance the aims of the company should simply not be undertaken. many a(prenominal) organisations brushup their business aims on a regular basis and adjust them for a variety of reasons. The review and approval of projects should be fu lly integrated into this process.The

Oreo Multiple National Corporation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

oreo cookie Multiple National hatful - Essay ExampleOreo Multiple National Corporation Recently, the unusual has happened whereby human emotions have been use and exploited. An example of this is the emergence of sick animals on television in order to stir up emotions and fetching hearts for financial support that can treat these poor animals. Children have also been used in the commercials in order to attract attention to some of the products that are being advertised. This is evidenced by the Oreo Company which uses denote to market their product which is the cookie.Oreo Multiple National Corporation used their faculty all over the world to deploy multiple television commercials, in order to capture the distinguishable cultures and languages all over the world. The objective of this act is to ensure that the same technique is not used again or repeated in some of the regions in the world. In other words it has deployed a clip of Video in different languages to countries that do not speak the original languages used in advertising the cookie, and thus ensure that human nature is not exploited and the people are impacted with the necessity knowledge. This method of marketing the cookie is effective especially when the peers vision how the kids enjoy the taste of Oreo. The ways in which the product is advertised pushes the children to buy the product or even makes them persuade their parents to purchase the cookie for them quite of having any other type of biscuit.

Refute paper Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Refute paper - obligate ExampleIt bears emphasis that the title of the piece as well as the timing in which it has ascend to light is of key importance to the understanding and analysis of the motives behind it. For those that are unfamiliar, Michelle Malkin is a conservative beginner that represents the extreme far right of the Republican Party. As an Asian American woman, she seeks to give a obvious ethnic flavor to a party that has previously been viewed as male, pale, and Yale. As a partisan critic, Malkin makes her notes on being a polemic. Regardless of the virtue of the Democratic stance on a special(a) issue or the honest nature in which the current president makes a decision, Malkins readership obligate come to expect negativity on such topics as this is what helps her to pay the bills and provides such a rabid fan base as she enjoys among extreme elements of the conservative right in the United States. With this in mind, Malkins member begins with a snarky headline and image that depicts President Obama in the attire of the grim reaper. Furthermore, the headline makes a strong allusion to the flap that had earlier enraptured extreme elements of the conservative party regarding Obamas religious nature. The article is entitled Obamas Layoff Bomb. ... e will be an imminent layoff bubble which will fail very soon after the election (not surprisingly especially if Barak Obama were to be elected for a split second term). Although the article itself expresses the claim of objectivity in the research, it is clear from even a cursory review that no such objectivity is included. Malkins rubric centers around the following flawed perceptions of the economy, BLS information, and the strong/innate principle that the Democratic party and liberalism specifically is responsible for nearly all of the ills of current society (Malkin 1). Firstly, with respect to Malkins use of BLS data to prove a point, the unfortunate fact of the matter is that the economy of the United States has been and a marked improvement since the second quarter of 2008 in nearly every imaginable financial mensurable and indicator. This has been proven by increase in new home sales, low inflation rates, the positive affects that QE1,2 befool had on economic growth, and the general decrease in un trade figures. Although the economy is still decidedly weak, it is shortsighted and minute to offer up a view that merely because a slight decrease over the prehistorical month in the number of job cuts in firms precipitates a coming avalanche of job cuts if/when Barak Obama is re-elected to the federal agency of President of the United States. Furthermore, such an approach does not factor in the cyclical nature of the employment sector within the United States economy. Although figures rise and fall on a host of global, domestic, and regional factors, thither remain significant and measurable trends with relation to overall employment and layoff statistics that tra nscend the presidential election. Although this is no discredit a factor to a certain subset of employers, who wins the

The Law of Comparative Advantage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Law of Comparative Advantage - examine ExampleBecause the system failed to understand the laws of arrogant and comparative advantage, which advocates that trade, may not necessarily be a zero-sum game, mercantilists regulations were gradually removed in Britain in the course of eighteenth century after the government has fully embraced Adam Smiths concept of laissez faire (Wikimedia Foundations, Inc).The greatest challenge to mercantilism was Adam Smiths theory of absolute advantage. It is said that Smiths exit of the book The Wealth of Nation in 1776 has ended the rule of mercantilism as an economic philosophy. In contrast to the necessity of government control in the mercantilists philosophy, Adam Smith advocated the laissez faire system, with moderate government intercession in the economy.Particularly, Smith believe that trade would be beneficial to both(prenominal) countries through specialization. In functional terms, when one country is more efficient than another country in the return of one commodity but is slight efficient in the occupation of another, then both can gain by specializing in the commodity in which it has the absolute advantage. ... As trade is deemed beneficial to all, restrictions are discouraged and limited government intervention is advised. An Unchallenged TheoryAn enhancement and definitely a higher notch than the theory of absolute advantage is the law that says that one country can benefit from trade even if it is less efficient in the production of both commodities. It is the law of comparative advantage an impetus for small nations to actively participate in trade as it is believed to benefit both the big and the small countries. Introduced by David Ricardo in 1817 through his book On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, comparative advantage posits that trade can bring on value for both countries even if one has the fewer resources in the production of all goods. Using the production possibilitie s frontier, Ricardo was able to prove this, achieving a significant breakthrough in the field of international economics. Practically, Ricardo believes that given the situation, both countries can still gain by having the less efficient country specialize in the production and exportation of the commodity in which its absolute disadvantage is smallest and import the product in which it has its greatest absolute disadvantage. The commodity in which one country has the least absolute disadvantage can be vista of as one in which it has the comparative advantage. The gains are realized as both countries specialize in the production of commodity in which it has the least opportunity cost (Mankiw). The Gains from Trade A Simple numerical ExampleTo facilitate understanding of the gains from trade, we cite the example from the Principles of Macroeconomics book of N. Gregory Mankiw. Given that it takes 20 hours for farmer to baffle 1 lb of meat and 10 hours to produce 1

Commentaries for Same Group Members' Polished Thesis Draft Essay

Commentaries for Same Group Members Polished Thesis Draft - Essay modelRather what can be used is how Kripals book and comments made in the book on the topic of discussion is related to the write up.Although several quotes have been used in the paper, but it is also measurable to discuss briefly the inner meaning of these quotes, these are not provided sufficiently in the paper. For instance, Atmajnananandas discover on Kripals thought has not been properly discussed in the paper.It is unsuitable to use the sentence This paper discusses the relationship between the religious organization Soka Gakkai and Komeito, a Japanese political party in the first-class honours degree of the precis. Rather the brief idea about the topic and its importance can be provided in the abstract first followed by the sentence.The in-text referencing style is not properly used in the entire paper. Also there is no proper reference or bibliography be given of references at the end of the paper. In t he reference list short description of books or journal papers or websites are not required.The section Soka Gakkai and Komeito 1970-present is besides long period. This period can be distributed into different time phases in terms of importance of Soka Gakkai and Komeito in the religious structure of the country.It has been written in the paper that One national, 13 regional and 47 prefectural Councils on Social Affairs determine the Soka Gakkais endorsements, however the importance of this determination is not get through from following

Applying Theories to Children's Literature Essay

Applying Theories to Childrens Literature - Essay ExampleIt is at this stage how seriously their questions are taken, how intumesce they are answered and how heavy impact these answers lay on the young minds together set the institution of thoughts, perception, observation post and information. A well inculcated thought carries a deep meaning all through the tikes life. It is essential for the deal out takers of the tender age barbarianren not to bring negative influence on childrens mind rather actuate them and fill them with enthusiasm towards life, towards world and towards every living organism (Theories of Child using and Learning). History reveals that the child development was never given much attention and there was no necessity to answer their questions exactly with growing awareness the outlook changed and now various theories read been postulated to understand the psychology of the child to border them well, to explain them in the best possible manner either by means of animations, games, books or excogitation props to convey the moral values through stories (Theories of Child Development and Learning). It is imperative to understand the child development for cognitive, emotional, social and physical development, beginning from the birth and continues up to the adolescence. Considering the child development carries a deep impact on the adulthood theories proposed encompass Psychoanalytic Child Development Theories- Sigmund Freud- According to Freud, events that occur in childhood and also the good or bad experiences leaves a deep impact on the development of an individual. This theory is mostly devised for the mentally challenged children (Cherry). Erik Erikson- According to this theory the conflicts encountered at each stage of life influences the undefiled functioning of the individual. If a child fails to establish an identity then it results in the government agency confusion at later stages of life. It is therefore imperative to h ave an identity at an early stage of life. Parents and care providers should practise the child understand about the self identity (Cherry). Cognitive Child Development Theories- It is established by Piaget that children have a different thinking as they are unaware about the consequences and happenings going around. They have different outlook as compared to the adults who have experience of life and therefore their thoughts are different. Children are curious about the world around them and hence they try to explore with their own mother wit and wisdom. A short(p) guidance could bring wonders, it is therefore imperative to preach them with a sound sense of understanding to pass on moral values and also devise a character to follow (Cherry). Behavioral Child Development Theories- According to this theory it is essential to understand that the environment do plays an imperative role in cause the personality of the child. It deals with the observation (Cherry). Social Child Dev elopment Theories- The social interaction plays a crucial role in the development of child. It is essential that a child interacts with everyone in the society, these interaction develop a sense of co-operation with others in the society. If the child does not get proper exposure, the chances of developing fear towards others, a sense of danger towards every creature develops. A child may not develop a trust and empathy and it becomes delicate to tackle and deal with any situation to which a child come across, the similar tendency lingers gutter the

Pheochromocytoma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

pheochromocytoma - Essay ExampleThey be usually derived from the adrenal medulla but whitethorn develop from chromaffin cells in or ab appear sympathetic ganglia (pheochromocytomas or paragangliomas).The mechanism of catecholamine release is non strong documented. It is suspected that the tumor may be caused by the changes in blood flow and necrosis at bottom the tumor. The tumors do not contain nerves and therefore neural stimulation will not motivate catecholamine release. They also store and secrete a variety of peptides, such as endogenous opioids, neuropeptide Y, and chromagranin, which may direct to the clinical manifestation in selected cases.The term pheochromocytoma was coined by a pathologist named Pick by and by the Greek work phaios, meaning dark or dusky, and chroma, meaning color - to describe the chromaffin reaction seen in adrenomedullary tumors. The term is mostly used to refer to tumors that arise from the adrenal medulla.Pheochromocytomas most common manife station is hypertension. spectacular and alarming hypertensive paroxysms or crises may slide by in over half the cases. Although they only occur in .1% of the hypertensive population, it is nevertheless a significant cause of high blood pressure and is correctible, if decently diagnosed and treated. If it is ignored, then it could be fatal and will put patients at risk for a lethal hypertensive paroxysm and long-term sequelae (a pathological condition resulting from a prior disease, injury or attack) of the disease. It is also an distinction of the presence of a familiar disorder. An early detection may reduce the risk of metastasis.DescriptionPheochromocytoma is a rare disease in which tumors form in chromaffin cells of the body. Most pheochromocytomas, about 98% of the time, write down inside the adrenal glands (adrenal medulla). It is a tumor which is made up of large, polyhedral, pleomorphic chromaffin cells, which is only malignant in less than 10% of the case, and which c auses the adrenal glands to produce too much adrenaline. The histologic appearance will not show malignancy. A local invasion of the surrounding tissue or distant metastases will introduce malignancy. It usually affects only one of the adrenal glands, although it may also start in other part of the body, such as the area around the heart or bladder.PathologyStatistically, pheochromocytoma occur in 1-2 out of 100,000 adults, around 80% of which are unilateral and solitary, only 10% are bilateral, and the remaining 10% are extraadrenal. Majority of these cases, about 80-90% are sporadic, and the remaining are connected to hereditary syndromes (.eg. multiple endocrine neoplasia). In pediatric patients, about are bilateral and another are extraadrenal. For yet unexplained reason, lesions are usually in the right side. Most pheochromocytomas are small, weighing less than 100 grams and are about 10 cm in diameter. They may however grow to over 3 kg in size. The tumors eat up vessels or ducts, or are highly vascular.Extraadrenal pheochromocytomas usually weigh 20-40 g and are less than 5 cm in diameter. Most are located within the abdomen in association with the celiac, passe-partout mesenteric ganglia. Approximately 1% are in the thorax, 1 percent are within the urinary bladder, and less than 1% are in the neck, usually in association with the sympathetic ganglia or the extracranial branches of the ordinal or tenth cranial nerves.Clinical FeaturesMost of pheochromocytomas

Professional and academic background Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Professional and academic cathode-ray oscilloscope - Essay ExampleI was enrolled for leadership in teaching advanced writing class to conjure up workshop learning for students. I am working as a personal tutor and as a tutor for the university-tutoring program at the University of Rochester my courses as a tutor include Introduction to stintings, Economic Statistics, Econometrics, Calculus I & II, Theoretical Linear Algebra, Probability. This experience has improved my knowledge requirements in the interdisciplinary subjects of the course. I have thus the strong knowledge and skills for mathematics, economics and interdisciplinary subjects like econometrics, economic statistics that I merit admission for the course. I published one article per day in a local phone line page in Chinese Taipei in the summer of 2005 I also attended stuff conferences and wrote some reports in special columns. I participated in some copy desk editing work, and helped with translating between mandari n and English. I also made money by doing online business especially in advertising discipline for different Internet sites. In this course once in a week seminars are conducted with the spate from the financial world like Wall Street etc, to know about the happenings in the financial world. My skills depart be highly helpful to understand the situations. I worked for a library as a Circulation Desk student Supervisor, Project Supervisor, Stack organizer, this is helpful to complete the assignments related to the library work fastly.Academic backgroundI have a bachelor of science degree in mathematics, Bachelor of Arts degree in economics and minor in philosophy with the GPA of 3.93, 3.91,3.9 respectively. These are the basic requirements of the course. I have a earnest GPA for the subjects. I have a GRE score of 630 out of 800, which is relatively a good score to get admission. In addition to this I have make some research document in mathematics of political modeling, on me asurements of power, and fairness of voting at the University of Rochester, Rochester, NY. I have done honors senior thesis in Macroeconomic Forecasting, subtopics were Research into the mechanisms and programming techniques of modern forecasting, development and construction of a unique macroeconomic forecasting model. I have received the awards as the Deans list recipient. I am currently member of University of Rochesters Economic council and International Ambassadors Organization. My professional and academic background is such that I freighter surely get admission into the Advanced degree in Financial Engineering at capital of South Carolina

The Characteristics of Main Modes of Transport in India and Australia Assignment

The Characteristics of Main Modes of Transport in India and Australia - Assignment ExampleThe change modes function a nation to attain its people and freight to achieve utmost mobility. Nowadays, most conveyance systems ar capable to handle both freight and passenger traffic. Here, the attempt is to compare the main transport modes of India, a developing country in Asia and Australia, a developed country and a diverse continent by itself. Besides, the essay attempts to investigate and to explain the reason behind the difference in the development of transport modes in these countries. Muehlich & Hamacher reflects that global passenger and freighttransportation activities, utilisation levels of fuels used for transportation purposes (2006) the difference in transport mode in different countries is because of the relation with passenger and freight activities and the difference in fuel consumption level. Thesis statement Comparison between the transport modes of India and Australi a, and investigation of the reason behind the difference of transport modes.In India, transport modes play a significant role in economic development and issue the needs of above 1.1 billion people. The transport infrastructure in the South Eastern and South westerly parts of the country is far better than other parts. The channel network is the backbone/lifeline of the country. public Bank Independent Evaluation Group reflects that Since 2000, transport demand has shifted among transport modes, mainly to the advantage of road transport (World Bank Independent Evaluation Group 2007) the year 2000 shows a tremendous shift in transport demand in India. For instance, in the year 1997, revenue from the road network consists of 4.4 percent of GDP. simply the people who live in remote villages get less access to all-weather roads and they pay off isolated from the other parts of the country in monsoon seasons. The rail network is the longest and 4th heavy used system in the world.

Corporate Finance Assignment ( Questions ) Essay

Corporate Finance Assignment ( Questions ) - Essay ExampleThe Enron scandal and Arthur Anderson case has been the witness of this testimony. If the reside of organisation and individuals are not reorient then there are classical cases like Arthur Anderson and Enron comes up in the public world. This case tries to highlight how a corporation like Arthur Anderson came to such demise. 80 long time of legendary innovative history in Corporate America that was created by Arthur Anderson was washed up in a matter of 8 years. Internal divisions came up in the company and the world started to look at Corporate America with shame. To align the principal agent theory in pr cultivateice, Sarbanes Oxley came into operation in 2002. The exertion tried to align the best interest of the shareholders and the agent i.e. prudence in the same mould. The objective of the act was to reduce the ever growing gap between the cardinal of the main functions of the organisation. there are two main functi ons of any organisation which decide the fate of the organisation as a whole. The first 1 of them is the shareholders (Principals) who elect the Management (agent) to represent them as the owner of the company. The objective of the principal is to maximise shareholders wealth dapple that of Management can be the same or it can be different also. If the objectives are aligned by using good compensation strategy and urging responsibilities over the management then office staff cost of the company will be reduced. If that is not the case agency cost will ever so increase. With this background let us have a look at the classic case of Arthur Anderson. Management of the company which was looking after the AA division of the company was less compensated compared to their counterparts in AC. This is itself a contradiction in terms to the principal agent theory. Arthur Anderson has grown from the roots as a major auditor and the consulting division came into come a tangle very late whe n they started automating the book keeping systems. AC was very successful and the compensation was not in alignment with the kind of success they achieved. Hence the companies were separated and consulting division was now separate from auditing division. After the breakup AC kept growing fast with their own set of compensation strategy while AA started go about challenges. This challenges are advent from the number of lawsuits AA faced during 1990s and 2000. Employees at AA were resenting and finding otherwise ways to repel paid and rope in extra money for the organisation and themselves. This is when they started realigning shareholders interest with theirs. This was visible in the biggest collective scandal of America- Enron. Enron was the worst corporate scandal which shook American Corporation. Auditors at Arthur Anderson signed the financial statements of Enron without cross checking the stated facts. This was done just to rope in extra money from this big rag client. someplace this is an also a case where organizational structure should be questioned. The reason for this is because for a big ticket client like Enron, Arthur Anderson compromised its corporate hierarchy. They allowed their premier groups to go and reside at the clients headquarter. There was no proper check on what was happening within employees and the client. 2- (Goal of financial Management )Why is the goal of financial management to maximize the current share price of the companys stock? In other words, why isn

Diversity and Inclusion in Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Diversity and Inclusion in Organizations - testify ExampleInclude your personal definition of comprehension and assortment.Describe what diversity encompasses, and explain the intersections of multiple forms of diversity in organizations. Diversity and inclusion is many things. In its most superficial definition, D&I is a legal mandate, a requirement for organizations to comply with, and which may open a firm to sanctions and penalties if found in violation of its provisions. However, diversity and inclusion should be more than mere compliance with a requirement. It should entail a change of heart and perspective. The core to D&Is goals and aspirations is social reform, the eradication of barriers between sensed majority and minority groups which creates unjustified advantages for some and disadvantages for others on the basis of their affiliations. Diversity encompasses the treatment of people as people. Inclusion does non mean the elimination of difference so that all people are the aforesaid(prenominal) it means treating people in the same manner despite their differences, and even with the acknowledgement and celebration of these differences. several(prenominal) of the readings in this course described diversity as a source of competitive advantage for organizations, where mixed skills and perspectives can be brought to the workplace in support of the company goals. While that is perfectly true, and companies should look to this advantage, it is not the essence of diversity and inclusion. Had it been, indeed D&I would have just been a means of fetching advantage of peoples differences. In an organization, the application of diversity and inclusion may be so diffuse and ambiguous that it is difficult to notice at times whether an issue has D&I implications or not. For instance, assigning people to subsidiaries in certain geographical areas (specially for a multinational organization) on the basis of their ethnicity may be a sensible thing to do fro m the viewpoint of the organization, but it may be faultfinding(prenominal) from the viewpoint of the individual who may not want to be designated there. The very fact that makes people subjects of D&I also in a way reinforces differences among groups and works against their full inclusion. Discuss the impact of diversity on individual and organizational effectiveness. Discuss some of the tools necessary to lead, direct, and build inclusive organizations. Diversity and inclusion is a source of strategic advantage for an organization this has been mentioned in all the readings and finds no strong foe in any of the opinions and reactions discussed in this forum. As to whether or not the advantage is properly optimized or explored is another(prenominal) matter. The inclusion of diverse people in an organization does not automatically ensure individual and organizational effectiveness. As has been voiced in this forum, some organizations merely pay lip service to D&I without imbibing the essence of it. As is true for all individuals, if the organization capably harmonizes personal goals with organizational goals, then the creativity and industry possessed by the individuals in the workforce shall be engaged, and the benefits of diversity realized. Diversity in this case, however, need not be along racial, gender, cultural, or any category identified as cosmos D&I. It may be the skills and knowledge possessed by individuals because of their education, personal interests,

Business Ethics Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Business Ethics - grammatical case Study ExampleHe was also supposed to decide whether the company would sell their apple juice from the finished products manufactured by the PAI trade group. There was a lot of suppositionthat the juice was corrupted with water and sugar syrup instead of pure apple concentrate. The CEO was supposed to determine the faults in the product lifecycle and still maintain a good relation with the nestle company. The CEO was take to hit the adulteration accuse of the company and make it regain its normal sales and market share.He was required to identify the faulty areas in the company, but the route he followed awoke the crisis. He called a meeting with the segment heads and stakeholders and expected that they would give him an insight to the problem. The CEO handled the problem by considering perspectives of stakeholders rather than identifying the problem and dealing with it (Burke 1988). He was morally obligated to follow a certain procedure while making decisions. However, the issue at hand demanded better handling of the problem.Bruce McIntosh was responsible for ensuring that the products met the go under quality standards. He believed that the PAI test was bias and was aimed at supporting domestic apple growers. He argued that the tests done by the detectives were not passed by the government agencies and and then he support filing a lawsuit against universal. His perspective was to follow the ethic of quality set by nestle.Tom Storer was the head of operations and Canajoharie plant and was responsible for ensuring plants operated efficiently and profitably (Burke 1988). He supported cutting the cost of raw material on the expense of having pure materials. He signed contractual agreements with universal and hence authenticated the materials used. He did not take note of any previous warnings by their former supplier (Haskins), and he defended universals purity and price. He was

Obey at Any Cost Milgram,S. (1963). Behavioral study of obedience Essay

Obey at Any Cost Milgram,S. (1963). Behavioral study of obedience. ledger of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 67,371-378 - Essay ExampleThis idea sprung from his curiosity of how soldiers committed vicious atrocities during World war II, and in general, the inhumanity displayed by people as a result of obeying orders from ruthless leaders in the course of history.Milgram wanted to test out his theory that humans tend to obey those in a position or power or authority over them even if obeying will mean exhalation against their principles, codes of moral and ethical behavior.The experiment focused on radicals who were put in the business office of a instructor who would inflict the punishment of electric dishonour to another subject (an acting accomplice of the experimenter) given the role of a student whenever he gave a wrong answer to a memory drill. The voltage of the shock increases the more errors are committed by the student. An experimenter conducting the study was actuall y a confederate of Milgram, egged on the subject to continue with the task at hand no matter how the student/ learner subject reacted. The whole scenario that was played was just simulated without the knowledge of the actual subject. Unaware that everything and everyone around him is not real, he and his emotions and behavior are the only ones that are.Surprisingly, out of the 40 subjects, 65% followed the experimenters orders all the way to the crown of the shock scale. Most of them exhibited manifestations of extreme stress in doing so, sincerely uncomfortable doing the task while witnessing the suffering of the student subject. To ease them of their anxiety, the subjects were debriefed after the experiment. The purpose of the experiment was revealed to them along with unmasking the accomplices and confederates to introduce themselves. The subjects were interviewed regarding the feelings they went through. Milgram explains why the subjects go on to obey the experimenter even if they knew that they were responsible for hurting a fellow human being.

Alzheimer Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Alzheimer - Research Paper ExampleBy the division 2006, there was a recorded number of 26.6 million sufferers of the malady in the whole world. Four old mature later in the year 2012 thisnumberhad risen by 10%. Introduction Alzheimers disease tends toariseand develop in remarkably unalike ways among different individuals. This is in terms of both(prenominal) the time frame and rate ofprogressof the disease. However, thediseasedoes havevariouscommon symptoms among individuals. These symptoms range from haplessmemory losses tolossof thinking abilities. Most of the early symptoms of the disease mistaken to be age related. The diagnosis for Alzheimers disease is through the conduction of tests that evaluate the persons thinking abilities, behavioral characters and a straits scan. Once one receives thediagnosiswith the disease, the progression of the symptoms would include irritability, aggression, long term memory loss, confusion, and mood swings. The researched total life span o f a person diagnosed with Alzheimers disease is about 7 years. More than seven percent of those people diagnosed with Alzheimer disease die within the next fourteen years after diagnosis. Until recently, to a greater extent than one thousand conducted clinical trials so far duringresearch, stilllacksuccess (Brookmeyer& Grays, 2009). ... It is the close to expensivediseaseto society promptingvariouscultural beliefs, practices and reactions towards the disease. Discussion The cultural attitudes of people towards thisdiseaseargon different and in most casesadverseand lead toneglectof theaffectedandconditionitself. People displace the presence of symptoms, and they maygooff unrecognized. This calls for calls for research and development of plans topopularizeandprovidehealth wangle to such societies, both the affected and theunaffected(Boylesand Andrews, 2010). A selectedpopulationinNyali, Mombasa is to be used in this case. This is asocietythat comprises ofmixedraces and communiti es. They interact in social and commercial fronts but share different cultural ideologies and beliefs. These beliefscausethepresenceof some level of segregation within thevariouscultures which may sometimes tend toaffectother sectors. These people live and interact within the same geographical sectionandfaceto the same environmental and situational effects. As a result of this, they interact within their daily activities and in like manner with other common issues such as in solving an emergent problem. Though the population may be different ethnically, their subconscious faces the same environmental aspects. As such, part of theirpsychologythinks the same and views most circumstances in the same way, such as the Alzheimer disease. Interactions and communication both within and with theexternalsocietieshas been simplifiedthrough the development in telecommunication but is still under the control of self benefit. This substance that communications and interactionsmostlybaseon what the parties stand togainfrom the activity. As such,

Globalisation and environmental sustainability Essay Example for Free

ball(prenominal)ization and environmental sustainability EssayA world(prenominal) society is marked by newfound technologic exclusivelyy integrated local and international relations which encourage the study of the gists of globalization and as well as internationalisation of various disciplines in a society which be involved in mixer interactions. This interactions may be locally based or may involve international relations close to of which impart a close relationship to political philosophy, international economies, conflict analysis, international laws and policies as well as sociology.Globalisation makes the world more productive and stable. In the past few decades, the global economy has become increasingly interconnected and integrated. This integration is quite evident in the international markets and it has been on a steady increase since the seventeenth coke although in the last few years, globalization has undergone alteration which has given rise to som e controversial issues regarding its effects and impacts on the grandr global society (Lindert, Williamson 2001). whatsoever researches have indicated that in the last two decades or so, the change magnitude integration in the global markets has leaveed in greater inequality in the steering income is distributed among nations around the world. In connection to this, Bourguignon and Morrisson (2000) have withal observed that combining inequality within and a beat countries has brought a significant rise in the global inequality since 1960 thus making the already distressing countries brusker while the rich countries get richer through globalisation.Globalisation refers to the way in which nations increasingly become interconnected with one another in terms of economic, political, technological, social and cultural aspects. More often than not, the word globalisation is used to refer to the economic aspect of a nation. Economic globalisation describes the integration of nationa l economies into the international economies via bargain, migrations, international market capital flows, foreign investments and increase use of engine room.The increasing rate of globalisation as has been experienced in the past two decades or so has led to rapid growth of global trade, financial capital flows, direct foreign investments and cross border trade transactions (Johnston, Taylor, Watts 2002). The major facilitators of this growth include meliorate transport and communication infrastructure, better technological k instanter-how, quicker methods of telecommunication and internet services. In addition to this, globalisation has been favoured by removal of trade barriers and policies across nations which previously inhibited international trade among nations.This has now liberalised trade and encouraged more export and import transactions which promote globalisation. The establishment of international trade organisations such as world bank, IMF and WTO have also playe d a significant role in facilitating globalisation as they atomic number 18 devoted(p) to promoting trade and investment across nations worldwide. The result of this genial of globalised trade is presence of multinational companies (MNCs) whose budgets exceed those of the economies of more nations in which they are situated (Atkison 1999).Globalisation and sustainability. In the recent years, many controversies have emanated from the issue of globalisation. It is now seen an unnecessary evil which is scourgeening the social and environmental sustainability of the global societies. Globalisation is viewed by some stack as an opportunity for national and international economic growth while others feel that it is a threat to economic prosperity, political sovereignty and cultural integrity (Jussilla, Cullen 2002).People in developed countries are particularly concerned with the fact that globalisation poses a threat to unskilled workers who are alternate to be go away jobless with the increased technological methods of production in the contracting industries. On the other hand, the underdeveloped nations are mostly concerned about the difference of political index fingers and sovereignty as well as loss of economic prosperity which is bound to be brought about by globalisation.According to Bhalla (2002) the whole concept of globalisation is surrounded by ideological issues both absolute and negative which in the long footrace pretend the plenty or societies in the globalised world. , the controversial aspect of globalisation can not be soft resolved. Globalisation and environmental sustainability. Environmental sustainability refers to the aspect of addressing the needs of the current global societies fully while universe cautious not to compromise the needs of the societies which are to come,that is, future generations.According Heinberg (2005), globalisation has directly or indirectly led to several environmental issues such as global warming, increased deforestation, depletion of the ozone layer, destruction of water catchment areas, biodiversity, most natural resources have reached or are unspoilting depletion levels, pollution of water, air and the entire environment among others. For instance, globalisation has enabled MNCs to invest in countries which have few or no environmental conservation by-laws and this results in in high spirits environmental degradation as well as depletion of natural resources.However, the WTO in response to this effect has argued that the large amounts of income or capital flows earned from globalisation are capable of catering for the environmental degradation and this is bound to improve the quality of the environment to even higher standards that it were in before. In addition, globalisation has led to increased industrialisation all over the globe and this has resulted in the much dreaded effects of depletion of the ozone layer and global warming. Global warming comes as a result of release of industrial pollutants from the manufacturing industries into the environment.Such pollutants include hundred monoxide, carbon dioxide, oxides of sulphur and so forth. The effects of global warming are quite evident all over the globe as they have led to diverse changes in weather and climate resulting in drought and famines in some parts of the world among other effects. The depletion of the ozone layer occurs as a result of release of chemicals such as freons and fluorocarbons in to the air which react with ozone layer hence thinning it (Bellow 2001). However,there are several positive effects of globalisation in relation to environmental sustainability.Precisely, globalisation has led to improved methods of energy utilisation, substitution of resources especially those occurring naturally, innovation of metal recovery and material recycling methods, dematerialisation of resources among other positive practices (Eiezen, Maxine 2006). Globalisation has particularly been putting great emphases on dematerialisation and this has helped industries to improve their efficiency in production, minimise and pick out their waste production and reduced the production costs through use of cheap systematic procedures.In addition, the use of improved technological methods has made companies to adopt newer and more efficient methods of energy utilisation and as a result, the energy requirements in industrialized countries have substantially reduced in the recent years. Moreover, many non-renewable energy resources have been substituted with renewable sources of energy and this has greatly reduced the risk of depletion of such resources in the near future.Although the improved technology has great positive effects on the environmental sustainability, globalisation is negatively associated with the export and use of technologies and activities that can have detrimental effects on the environment. All these environmental effects of globalisation have either a dir ect or an indirect impact on the global societies. wishing of clean water for instance is a negative effect which is likely to cause diseases and satisfying to the bigger population.On the other hand, improved energy efficiency, advanced technology and industrialisation translates a greater improvement to the good deal quick in the globalised world in terms of better quality consumer products, set free replace of goods, capital and services between nations among others. Globalisation and social sustainability. On the aspect of social sustainability, globalisation plays a very important role in terms of improving or lowering the social circumstance of the people living in globalised world.Experts have argued that globalisation tends to impose a greater disadvantage to the poor countries while at the same time it favours the already developed nations (Bellow 2001). They add that although globalisation is believed to favour free trade among nations, it lead to much inequality b etween the developed and the under developed countries since the developing countries are unable to compete favourably with the developed countries in the international markets (Agyeman, Bullar, Evans 2003).In addition, the increased use of technology is bound to render many people jobless especially the unskilled workers, since most of the work which was previously done manually by the people is now easily done by machines. This reflects negatively on the society especially in the poorer countries since when people do not get jobs to do, they are likely to suffer from starvation, poor health, illiteracy among other social problems (Walker 2005). On the positive side, globalisation allows free movement of people across nations as they trade and this has promoted cultural diversity, intermarriages, tourism and so forth.This has further promoted peace,understanding and unity between individuals as well as nations. It is thus clear that globalisation has some critical impacts on the so cial lives of individuals an groups living in the industrialised countries. Identities and antecedents based on globalisation and sustainability. The last one decade or so has presented a turbulent phase for the global societies marked by globalisation and resurgence in the individuation element politics or religion based politics.Globalisation being a growth of ongoing capitalism-industrialisation has had some adverse effects on the poor strata of the society. According to Heiberg (2005), the nature of globalisation is contradictory in that it divides the world as much as it unites it. Movements fundamental to globalisation are based on empathy, ideology and identities. The lives of people living in global societies are largely shaped by conflicting trends of globalisation and identity and current events in the world indicate that community identities are threatened by the forces of globalisation.One effect of globalisation on the societal political structure is the emergence o f socialist states which came into being in the mid-20th century ushering in the beginning of an industrial society. The intensified rate of globalisation has led to a rise of the States as a lone super-power in the world, objurgate of the power and authority exercised by the United Nations, decline in the amount of Non-Aligned movement, a rise in Fascist-fundamentalist politics among countries and worsening of the problems experienced by the poor in the society.While globalisation is believed to result in a democratic world economy, the political majority rule system in the world is stifled in form of emasculation of the potential world government. As the national economies become more and more globalised, the world political powers become more and more centralise into one or a few nations of the world. This power monopoly is a negative effect of globalisation as it leads to a decline in democratic norms and projection of identity politics. Identity politics involve ambition ove r scarce resources which could in principle be taken to mean struggle for political power or economic wealth resources.This kind of competition seems to favour only the rich and mighty residing in the wealthy and powerful countries leading to a form of discrimination. As a result, globalisation makes the people in rich countries continue becoming richer as those in poor countries become more poor by the day. In this case it is clear that although globalisation is capable of empowering a nation both economically and politically, the power distribution is unequal and this puts some nations at a higher political power advantage than others.Conclusion. beyond doubt, globalisation has led to significant increase in per capita income of different nations which have fully accepted this process and applied effectively the technological advancements which come with it. It can however be seen that, globalisation has pushed most developing or Third world countries along the path of diminishing sustainability and this has not in any way been improved by the recent regulations made in the globalisation processes.For instance, the deregulation of global trade in the recent past has led to a decrease in the environmental and social-cultural constraints associated with globalisation but this kind of deregulation has failed to address the issues of sustainability. In conclusion, it is clear that the current globalisation process is quite unsustainable but with a few policies to govern it properly, the process is capable of bringing much success in the long run to all nations world wide as well as to people as individuals in the globalised world.Reference. Atkinson, G., Dubourg, R. , Hamilton, K. , Munasinghe, M. , Pearce D. , 1999. measure sustainable development. UK Edward Elgar Publishers. Agyeman, J. , Bullard, R. D. , Evans, B. , (eds. ). 2003. Sustainability Development in an Unequal World, London Earthscan. Bello, W. F. 2001. The Future in the Balance Essays on globalis ation and Resistance. Oakland, Calif Food First Books. Bhalla, A. S. 2002. Globalisation and Sustainable Development A Southern African Perspective, planetary Journal of Technology Management Sustainable Development, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 40-57.

Essays on Hullabaloo in the Guava Orchard Essay Example for Free

Essays on Hullabaloo in the guava bush Orchard EssayAt first filled with shame, his officious father soon realizes just how useful his sons supposed spirituality can be. His mother, meanwhile, finds in the orchard relief from traditional Indian family life and middle-class respectability by devoting herself to creating increasingly exotic curries. All goes well until the local monkeys perplex to drink. Plans to rid the orchard of their unwanted hullabaloo multiply and eventually go completely awry, but non before Sampath is released from the endless cycle of demands. Transformed into a guava, he is last seen being carried towards the sacred Himalayas by the hungry monkeys.This story, by the daughter of novelist Anita Desai, works best when the pacing is as fast as the writes touch is light, as it surely is in the final thirty or so pages. When it drags, rhetorical tics become annoyingly apparent, the narrative too slender to support even a novel this short, and this gifted authors indebtedness to other writers, from Narayan and Salman Rushdie to Italo Calvino, Jerzy Kosinski and Gabriel Garcia Marquez the sign not of postmodern play but of young derivativeness.

I Want to Become a Doctor Essay Example for Free

I Want to draw a Doctor EssayI want to become a doctor. Being one is not yet my ideate but also my parents. I dont wish to be the wealthiest and most highly calibrated doctor the worlds ever seen but I want to be one who will serve her spate and country in a true manner. Infact I dont want to be a doctor for only patients but for the needy too. Although I know it isnt everyones cup of tea to be faithful, humane and achieve not bad(p) degrees at the same time but it is worth a try. I always want to palpate the pride of being loyal to my patients and my duty. Well its not always the same story from the start out infact it was completely different. When I was a little girl, I didnt actually wanted to be a doctor and neer was worried about it. All I used to think was being a singer. Ofcourse that was a dream for me which I wished to come true. It included of me always singing silly songs and even recording and playing them back. and soon circumstances changed, I grew up and came to know my real destiny. Although I showed interest in studies from the beginning but singing was something which I used to do everytime, whether I be studying or playing. many may call it as craziness but this was me as a kid. But as I mentioned earlier, I grew up to know where I belong and concentrated on it. For now, for real I hand over a different dream and that is I want to become a doctor.

Diabetes Research Essay Example for Free

Diabetes Research EssayDiabetes is often referred to by doctors as diabetes mellitus. This describes a group of diseases in which the person has high blood glucose (blood sugar). This could be because either insulin production is inadequate or the bes cells do non respond properly to insulin. There are 3 attributes of diabetes1)Type 1 DiabetesThe body does not call down insulin. People usually develop instance 1 diabetes in early adulthood or teenage years. Approximately 10% of all diabetes cases are type 1, it is nowhere near as vernacular as type 2. Patients with type 1 diabetes will need to take insulin injections for the rest of their life and read out regular blood tests and a special diet to ensure proper blood-glucose levels.2)Type 2 DiabetesThe body does not produce enough insulin for proper function, or the cells in the body do not act to insulin. Some people may be able to control their type 2 diabetes symptoms by losing weight, a healthy diet, and doing lots o f exercise. They would also have to monitor their blood-glucose levels. Although the patients will most in all probability end up having to take insulin in tablet form because type 2 diabetes is typically a progressive disease.3)Gestational DiabetesThis type affects woman during pregnancy, some woman have very high levels of glucose in their bodies and are unable to produce enough insulin. The majority of gestational diabetes patients can control their diabetes with exercise and diet. Undiagnosed or uncontrolled gestational diabetes can raise the risk of complications during childbirth.HistoryFor 2,000 years diabetes has been recognized as a devastating and venomous disease. In the 17th century a London physician, Dr. Thomas Willis,determined whether his patients had diabetes or not by sampling their water supply. If it had a sweet taste he would diagnose them with diabetes mellitus- honeyed diabetes. In the early twentieth century, diabetologists such(prenominal) as Dr. Frederic k Allen prescribed low calorie diets-as little as 450 calories per day for his patients. His diet elongated the life of people with diabetes but kept them weak and suffering from near starvation. In his book, The Discovery of Insulin, Michael delight describes the painful wasting death of many people with diabetes before insulin Food and drink no bimestrial mattered, often could not be taken.A restless drowsiness shaded into semi-consciousness. As the lungs heaved desperately to expel carboniferous acid (as carbon dioxide), the dying diabetic took huge gasps of air to try to increase his capacity. Air smart the doctors called it, and the whole process was sometimes described as internal suffocation. The gasping and sighing and sweet smell lingered on as the unconsciousness became a deep diabetic coma. At that point the family could make its arrangements with the undertaker, for within a some hours death would end the suffering.Then in 1921 something truly miraculous occurred i n Ontario, Canada. A young operating surgeon Frederick Banting, and his assistant Charles Best, kept a severely diabetic dog alive for 70 days by injecting it with a murky concoction of canine pancreas extract. Since insulins discovery, medical breakthroughs continued to prolong and ease the lives of people with diabetes. In 1935 Roger Hinsworth discovered there were two types of diabetes insulin sensitive (type I) and insulin insensitive (type II). By differentiating between the two types of diabetes, Hinsworth helped open up new avenues of treatment. In the 1950s, oral medications-sulfonylureas were developed for people with type II. These drugs stimulate the pancreas to produce more insulin, portion people with type II diabetes keep tighter control over their blood sugars. In the 1960s urine strips were developed, and Becton-Dickinson introduced the single use syringe in 1961. This greatly reduced the amount of pain from injections as soundly as the time-consuming ritual of bo iling needles and glass syringes.Chemistry behind diabetesDiabetes is characterized by elevated levels of glucose in the body. The management of insulin therapy in relation to carbohydrates can be hard to deal with for most diabetics. Carbohydrates lead to change magnitude blood sugar. Once digested, carbohydrates break down into glucose molecules, which are then converted into ATP in the cells with insulin. alike little insulin causes an excess of unconverted glucose, and too much insulin causes low blood sugar. Carbohydrates are necessary when a diabetic is experiencing hypoglycemia to compensate for the excess insulin in the blood stream, which can lead to serious consequences, such as seizure or even death.Social ImpactsDiabetes is more than a health condition. For most people, its a new way of life, and it affects relationships in all areas as much as it affects eating and physiologic activity. One challenge facing a diabetes student is the ongoing medical care required duri ng nurture hours. It is up to the parents to make sure the school officials, nurses, and teachers are educated and comply with their childs needs. another(prenominal) challenge is helping the child fit in. often other children have no knowledge or understanding of diabetes and with a perception that the child is being treated differently this could lead to teasing and maybe bullying. Sports are an important part of many peoples lives. Teamwork and physical activity are springy parts of a well-rounded life. Diabetes doesnt have to alter that Exercise is essential in diabetes management, and appointment in sports can provide this and other benefits. But it does require some extra effort by the diabetic.Economic impactsDiabetes is a disease that occurs worldwide, and therefore its economic impact is experienced globally. With change magnitude concern among providers astir(predicate) the rising cost of health care, economic assessments of the impact of various diseases are growing in importance. This imposes a large economic burden on the individual, national healthcare system and economy.Environmental impactsEnvironmental factors come to the fore to play an important role in the pathogenesis of childhood-onset of type 1 diabetes. Breastfeeding, the early presence or want of certain foods, birth weight, childhood over-nutrition, and negative stress events have been shown to be related to the prevalence of type 1 diabetes. More studies are starting to show that pollution can affect the symptoms of diabetes by increasing inflammation and contributing to weight gain. People who live in urban areas are more likely to breathe polluted air, which is believed to be a factor in insulin resistance. Moreover, diabetics have a harder time despotic blood flow during times where air pollution is increased leading to intensified cardiovascular problems.

Role of the Registered Nurse in Pediatric Palliative Care Essay Example for Free

office of the Registered Nurse in paediatric Palliative Care EssayNursing is a thriller that requires cooperative relationships among professionals that assist batch ass to provide the best possible tuition for the client and family. These interprofessional relationships may involve a round-eyed range of wellness veneration professionals of multiple members that dissemble on collaboratively together to deliver spirit keeping. Nurses are undeniable to work with other professionals on a daily basis on the floor whether it is with a doctor, a lab tech, a respiratory therapist, physiotherapists or even a fellow nurse. Registered Practical Nurses (RPN) and Registered Nurses (RN) work together on a daily basis and work in partnership with one another to get out the level of care that is required in order for a patient to meet their outcomes. Pediatric alleviant care is a specialized setting that requires constant squadwork or addresss and majority of the centers so lo allow RNs to work on that floor, however some centers allow for RPNs to care for these sisterren. Crozier and autograph (2012) state that it has been estimated that 13.9% of all children are living with a chronic wellness condition and moderating care can be pass ond to these children as well (p.2). This paper will discusses the role of the RN in pediatric palliative care in relation to family body forth done the three occurrenceor frame work which involves the client, the nurse and the surround.The Three Factor FrameworkThe three factor frame work is used in many different settings to determine whether a RN or a RPN will be pity for a certain client. This fabric consists of the client, the nurse and the environment (College of Nurses of Ontario CNO, 2011). These three factors are implemented and piddle an have-to doe with on decision making related to care provider assignment for the RPN and RN. It takes into consideration the clients adopts, the quests for consu ltation as well as collaboration among care providers (CNO, 2011). The three factor material document is accessible to help nurses, employers and others make effective decisions about the utilization of individual nurses in the render of safe and ethical care (CNO, 2011, p.3). It also helps with outlining expectations for nurses that highlight similarities and differences of breast feeding knowledge and its impact on some(prenominal) personal and professional responsibility (CNO, 2011). This framework comes extremely all- Copernican(a) in specialized settings, such as the critical care unit, the emergency department, the operating room and especially pediatric care.The ClientThe client panorama of the framework focuses on the complexity of the client, the predictability and the happen for ban outcomes with the client (CNO, 2011). The client factors are combined to force a representation of a client that can be placed on a continuum that goes from less(prenominal) complex, to a greater extent(prenominal) predictable and low risk for minus outcomes, to highly complex, unpredictable and high risk for negative outcomes . the more complex the care requirements, the greater the need for consultation and/or the need for an RN to provide the full spectrum of care (CNO, 2011, pg. 2). In pediatric care on that point comes many different types of clients that a nurse may encounter and a number that is not touched upon too often is pediatric palliative care.This type of patient would be considered to be on the more complex side of the spectrum which would require a RN to care for this child. Ferrell, Malloy, Uman, Virani, and Wilson (2006) tell us that no one spends more time at the bedside observing, critically cerebration, consulting, and providing direct care then the pediatric nurse (p.1). This statement reinforces that a RN is more fitting for this task since the childs health condition is unstable and constantly fluctuating, their coping mechanisms an d supports are unknown, and the fact that they require frequent monitoring and reassessments (CNO, 2011). Pediatric care is a very complex world to work and requires a RN to care for these clients due to their needs not being well defined or established and their condition can change rapidly.Children can be unpredictable in their natural field and when it comes to their health they can be even more unpredictable. Crozier and Hancock (2012) tell us that it is important to acknowledge that death occurs in pediatrics (p.1) and those nurses caring for these children need to be aware that this could be the final outcome. The CNO (2011) document on the three factor frame work emphasizes the fact that a RN is ask when the client may have unpredictable outcomes as well as unpredictable changes in their health condition. With this being said this puts the risk for negative outcomes with this child at a high risk.Risk for negative outcomes comes with all types of nursing but it is a high er risk when talking about palliative care especially in children. Nurses are more likely to be aware of symptoms of a end immemorial client or an adult client rather than a child since this topic is not discussed that often. The CNO (2011) tells us that a RN is involved in care when the client is unpredictable, systemic or wide ranging responses, they have subtle signs and symptoms that are often difficult to detect and they are at a high risk for a negative outcome. Research studies have been done that create guidelines for nurses to follow in order to provide and meet the needs of the patient and their families when the child cannot benefit from intensive, brio extending support especially when the family is dealing with a dying child (Anita Rushton, 2002). In order for pediatric palliative care to be successful this framework is used in order to give the child the best care possible.The NurseWhen we discuss pediatric palliative care we are not fair(a) talking about the pat ient themselves, we are talking about the entire collaborative team including RPNs, RNs and most importantly the family of the patient. Not only do these nurses have the child to care for they also need to be there for the family and help them through their struggles they may be having. The nurse factors of the framework include leadership, decision-making, and critical thinking skills (CNO, 2011). Leadership is a quality that all nurses require in order to succeed in their career but being a pediatric nurse requires this skill on multiple levels. Anita and Rushton (2002) tell us that there is a need for increased leadership capacity in end of life care for children and their families. Nurses need to have the leadership skills to be an advocate for their client who may not be able to speak up for themselves depending on how ill they are.Ferrell, Malloy, Uman, Virani, and Wilson (2006) state that pediatric nurses have a distinctive role in advocating, promoting, and providing excell ent care to these children and their families (p.4), they also emphasize the fact that education is anchor to the skills and confidence they need to perform this task. RNs need to assume the role of a leader within the interprofessional team and they need to lead the team in order to develop plans of care to achieve client and family goals when overall care requirements are more complex (CNO, 2011). With the role of leadership also comes decision making in collaboration with the family and other health care members. The preachings at the end of life are something that is not easy for anyone to make let wholly when it has to do with a child. Nurses have a key role in decision making when it comes to what treatment is provided, and they are there to guide the family in this process.Anita and Rushton (2002) tell us that the goal of palliative care is achievement of the best quality of life for patients and their family regardless of the outcome (p.2). In order for the nurse to make decisions that will benefit the client and the family nurses need to communicate therapeutically and make the focus on the client and their family (Palliative vexation and Symptom management, 2007). The RN then needs to take the information gathered from communicating with the family and make decisions actively as well as anticipating any possibilities and making proactive decisions (CNO, 2011). Communication is a key hammer when it comes to care between patients and family, different health care professionals and those that are caring for the child directly (Crozier Hancock, 2012). With intercourse and decision making comes critical thinking which is a crucial aspect when caring for a dying child.Not only does the nurse need to critically think about the childs health and final outcomes but they also need to think about how to help the family through this process. Everyone critically thinks on a daily basis especially in the health care profession, but RPNs and RNs operative with children need to think critically at all times. As a RN they are required to anticipate and recognize subtle changes in the childs health, assess further, post relevant factors, understand the significance and manage the situation and family members appropriately (CNO, 2011). As a RN working in pediatric palliative they need to be knowledgeable, be able to make decisions in consultation with the family and other health care professionals and most importantly be able to critically think speckle managing multiple nursing interventions in rapidly changing situations (CNO, 2011).The EnvironmentPediatric palliative care is an area of nursing that can occur in multiple settings including the home of the child, a hospital setting, hospice centers and even nursing homes. In Bartell and Kissanes article from (2005) they show that 72% of pediatrics die in the hospital (56% in patient and 16% as outpatients mostly in emergency rooms), 11% die at home, and just 0.4% in nursing homes (p.2 ). The environment factors of the three factor framework include place supports, consultation resources and the perceptual constancy and predictability of the environment. The need for RN staffing is required when these factors are less stable. Pediatric palliative care is an area that is considered to be less stable and the practice supports vary. A RN is required if there are unclear or unidentified procedures, policies, medical directives, protocols, plans of care, care pathways and assessment tools (CNO, 2011). The CNO also tells us that a RN is needed if there is a low proportion of nurses familiar with the environment and if there is a low proportion of effective nurses or a high number of novice nurses.In Coxs article in (2004) she talks about how the expert nurse may also support the developing nurse by sharing personal experiences and strategies. Having a RN work in pediatrics can allow the practice supports to become more of a stable environment by increasing the knowle dge of all nurses and family members from manpower on experience. Consultation or collaboration with health care professionals is a skill that is used every day but is very important when it comes to childrens health. Nurses need to be aware of the resources that are ready(prenominal) to them and use them to their advantage to help provide better care to the children and their families. Ahmann and Dokken (2006) tell us that nurses need to view parents as partners in care rather than a visitor. Not only is it important that nurses collaborate with health care professionals but they also need to be communicating and consulting with the family. Involving the family in the childs care makes them feel more a part of the care rather than a by stander (Boyle Roberts, 2005).According to the CNO (2011) document a RN is needed when there are little consultation resources available to manage outcomes. With consultation comes how predictable and how stable the environment is that the child i s being cared for. Death is a topic that many do not like to talk about but it is a reality of life that can cause for a high turnover rate in the health care system. Pediatric palliative care can have high turnover rates along with unpredictable events no matter how many assessments the RN performs (CNO, 2011). RNs need to be aware of the type of environment that they are working in order to provide the appropriate care to the child. Even if the environment is at a high turnover rate the nurse still needs to be able to bear their knowledge, critically think, make decisions and care for the patient and their family. The three factor framework set out by the CNO is important when it comes to determining the role of the RN in pediatric palliative care along with the support that is given to the family.Even though the three factor framework is needed when assigning patient assignments we need to keep in mind that with young children, a family centered model of care is a key concept (B artell Kissane, 2005). The more complex the client situation and the more dynamic the environment, the greater the need for the RN to provide the full range of care, continually assess changes, establish priorities and determine the need for additional resources or consults (CNO, 2011). By considering the client, the nurse and the environment factors, it can be determined whether a RPN or RN is more suited to care for a certain client. RNs require advanced critical thinking skills along with a large depth of knowledge in order to provide appropriate care to the children as well as their families. According to the three factor framework and research that has been done a RN is more suitable than a RPN to work in pediatric palliative care.ReferencesAhmann, E., Dokken, D. (2006). The many roles of family members in family-centered care part 1. Pediatric Nursing, 32(6), 562-565. Anita, C., Rushton, C. H. (2002). Pediatric palliative care The time is now. Pediatric Nursing, 28(1), 1-9 . Retrieved from http//moxy.eclibrary.ca/login?universal resource locator=http//search.proquest.com/docview/199391320?accountid=12792. Bartell, A. S., Kissane, D. W. (2005). Issues in pediatric palliative care Understanding families . Journal of Palliative Care, 21(3), 1-16. Retrieved from http//moxy.eclibrary.ca/login?url=http//search.proquest.com/docview/214198065?accountid=12792. Boyle, L. A., Roberts , K. E. (2005). End of life education in the pediatric intensive care unit .Critical care nurses , 25(1), 1-6. Retrieved from

The U.S. Navy Essay Example for Free

The U.S. Navy EssaySubstance do by is a condition in which the individual utilizes chemical substances that alter mood and behavior in a maladaptive manner, causing significant distress and failure to function normally at home, workplace, school or in social settings. Some individuals may also do dangerous acts or get themselves in trouble with the law. Some of the substances which can be misused take on alcohol, marijuana, stimulants, tobacco, cocaine, etc. The incidences of substance yell are quite high in the dark blue.Substance abuse is often linked with some(prenominal) unsolvable problems in life especially at the workplace or concerning personal issues. Individuals who cannot cope with these problems turn to alcohol, cocaine, hangmans rope and other(a) substance to relieve their distress. The US Navy is quite strict about substance abuse, and main(prenominal)tains a null tolerance policy both during duty and after duty, or offshore and afloat. According to this policy, misuse of drugs or alcohol in the Navy is not suited in maintaining the high standard of performance, discipline and promptness.It destroys the navys goal of installing pride and sense of professionalism However, several individuals in the navy may abide a drug problem, and the leaders should try to retain such staff and help them to get hold to normal life and functioning. The Navy has lost several of its sailors due to substance abuse, which has resulted in a come in of families getting destroyed. A survey conducted by the Department of Defense in 1980 found that 46% of the navy power used cannabis during the last 1 month.Out of these, about 26% confessed that they had been under the bewitch of drugs at their work. The incidences of cannabis use were especially high in individuals who had experienced a traumatic example at their work. Cannabis is one of the most misused drugs in the navy. There is a common misconception that cannabis use is safer than smoking tobacc o. However, studies conducted showed that smoking cannabis significantly increased the risk of developing cancers of the head, neck and the lungs. many individuals also felt that it was easier to quit cannabis use.However, studies conducted on individuals trying to quit the habit showed that they had severe problems including sleeplessness, pettishness and aggression. Amongst all positive urine test results, cocaine accounted for 14% to 22% in Navy personnel in the last four years. Cocaine can be consumed through various means such as smoking, snorting, etc. The drug makes the individual feels euphoric, energetic, mentally alert and sensitive to various stimuli. Cocaine produces several ill-effects on the heart, blood vessels, lungs, nerves and the brain.In developing a program to combat substance abuse in the navy, it is very important to make the participants understand the ill-effects and the risks associated with substance abuse. The program has to include trustworthy aims, go als, objectives and the certain means have to be implemented in a planned manner to attain these goals. The main aim of the program is to stop illicit substance use by the navy personnel. The goals of the program include educating the participants about various signs/indications through which substance abuse can be recognized. They should also be better about the ill-effects, risk and consequences of the drug use.

Essential Features of Contemporary Organisations Essay Example for Free

Essential Features of Contemporary Organisations stressThis essay aims to discuss why teams and assemblys be seen as essential features of modern-day organisations. Firstly, it depart examine what simply constitutes a concourse or team, then it will go on to discuss various types of free radicals and teams which hold up within an organisation. Next it will explain why groups and teams argon key to contemporary organisations in particular(prenominal) and finally, it will discuss the disadvantages associated with groups within organisations.Firstly, it is important to distinguish what exactly constitutes a team or a group. As Khan (2010) states, all teams are groups because the individuals in it have some kind of of unifying relationship, except not all groups are teams because the individuals making up a group whitethorn have actually little or no interdependence and they could just as well lead al one and only(a). For the purposes of this essay we will assume that the terms team and group are interchange adequate to(p). Therefore, a group is a collection of individuals who parting a common set of norms, who generally have differentiated roles among themselves, and who interact with one an other(a) toward the join pursuit of common goals (Steers and Black, 1994).Within an organisation different types of groups cost and are essential for the twenty-four hours to day running of the company. Formal and informal groups are the intimately common groups found within organisations where formal groups are the groups brought together by the organisation for a specific purpose for example, the human resources department and where informal groups are the social groups create voluntarily by individuals within the organisation for example, hatful who share common interests.Businesses mountainnot exist without both formal and informal groups. Informal groups provide individuals with a means of gaining help and support to defy out their particula r objectives (which whitethorn or may not be the same as the organisations objectives) (Handy, 1993 as cited in Kahn, 2010). Informal groups provide employees with the social contact they desire which makes them more agreeable in the work environment and as such more ordain to participate actively in their formal groups. rude and closed groups likewise exist within organisations where an open group is one whose membership changes frequently and a closed group is one whose membership is relatively stable. In a closed group posture relationships are produceed among the members, meaning that there will be clear cut racy positioning and low status members. Within an organisation the commission butt end manipulate these different sets of groups in parliamentary law to achieve their goals. For example, keeping decision making groups as open groups means that leadership roles are more difficult to establish amongst the members and thus high status members of the group will find i t hard to establish norms and the team will work to its best potential.Many contemporary organisations are now spread globally, so it is of utmost importance for them to factor in another type of group, the practical(prenominal) group. Virtual groups are able to come together regardless of time and space restrictions to work on resolving any issues. thank to advances of the world wide web, for the first time teams can virtually collocate all of the information they learn to work together and put it all in context (Lipnack and Stamps, 1997). Virtual groups allow the organisation to answer quickly to any market changes, harbor pressure a expression from top management and instil a sense of be farsighteding and importance amongst the employees.The virtual group is an important factor for global organisations as it allows for ethnic diversity in the solutions which are proposed. For example, the Chinese office may have a different way of thinking than the American office, but throu gh virtual groups it is easy to transfer this cultural knowledge to other areas of the business. A more and more technology driven marketplace pressurises organisations to respond quickly to changes but convey to these technological advances, organisations can begin to use the world wide web to their benefit through virtual teams. Virtual teams allow the organisation to slowly spread decision making to trusted individuals rather than entirely to top management.Groups can be essential to an organisations level of productivity. If there is a high level of group cohesiveness the group will experience high morale and will become a wanted entity to be part of within an organisation which means there will be plenty employees willing to compete with each other for a spot in the group, which in turn raises productivity. Managers need to consider the size of groups in order to occlusion at an optimum level of productivity and also press incentives like bonus pay for good performance t o enhance the desirability of the group even foster. Groups also relieve some of the responsibility of the manager, as they do not have to keep a unalterable eye on each individual employee, they can trust that group members will spur on the productivity of the group in order to gain the proposed incentives.Groups can provide an organisation with more than one solution to a proposed problem because as Maier (1967) states, a group has a greater knowledge investment trust than that of any individual. Monitoring the size of groups here is vital from management, as with a large sized group there may be plenty of ideas generated, but they are not necessarily well formed ideas. Splitting groups into smaller member sizes will ensure the ideas are well thought out and in an extremely competitive marketplace, this is the best strategy for managers to ensure they have a variety high gauge solutions to choose from instead of opting for the first good idea that comes to light.As beneficial as groups are to contemporary organisations, it is also useful to be aware of some of the risks that go along with groups within organisations. Even though it is believed that the quality of ideas or decisions make within a group will be higher than from an individual, people have been known to make riskier decisions within a group context than they would ever have made alone. The reason being people want to conform to group norms as shown in the tests conducted by Milgram (1963). Milgram showed how easily people can be influenced to stray from their initial beliefs for the norms of the group and also how easily people go back to their own beliefs if the group is in support of them through his experiments. This all shows how easily influenced people can be and how they will change their behaviour to that of their peers in order to avoid possible conflict.One further disadvantage of groups within organisations is the theory Groupthink which was developed by Irving Janis (1972) which states that once within groups individuals may lose people of the end goal and instead only focus on reaching an agreement. If suffering from groupthink people may become over confident and invulnerable, they may view outsiders in negative terms and disregard their views and they may force different thinkers to conform to their ideas. Football fans tend to be affected by groupthink, for example, they get sucked into the group and follow the behaviour of others which is vastly different from the way they would act in their day to day lives. Managers can combat groupthink through a number of ways and thus maintain the effectiveness of the group entity to the organisation.In conclusion, groups and teams are essential features of contemporary organisations. Groups come in many forms and businesses cannot exist without the merging of all different types of group within the organisation. Virtual groups are key to contemporary organisations as they allow the organisation to stay up to dat e in the technology stakes and also allows them to merge great minds from the different corners of the globe. Groups with high levels of cohesiveness will increase the productivity of the organisation and can be encouraged and manipulated by management to remain productive. Although groups are essential features of organisations they do also come with their disadvantages, groups can lose their individuality and take even riskier decisions than they would ever do alone. From this essay it is clear that groups and teams are essential features of contemporary organisations as long as the top management understands the complexities of the group and keeps renewing membership so as to gain the most benefits for the organisation.ReferencesKahn, H (2010), Groups and Conflict Management (chapter 6), Organisational Behaviour, Heriot Watt UniversitySteers, R. M and Black, J. S (1994) Organisational Behaviour, Prentice HallLipnack, J and Stamps, J (1997) Virtual Teams, online Available at http/ /books.google.co.uk/books?hl=enlr=id=171-FrLDhvUCoi=fndpg=PR17dq=virtual+teams+lipnackots=Bu_xw63cfIsig=Is-ymMKvujoYxynZKxXfIJ_tQs8v=onepageqf=false Accessed 4 November 2011Maier, N (1967) Assets and Liabilities In Group Problem Solving The Need For An Integrative Function Psychological Review, Vol 74(4) online Available at http//psycnet.apa.org/journals/ increase/74/4/239/ Accessed 4 November 2011Milgram, S (1963). Behavioural Study Of Obedience Journal of Abnormal and well-disposed Psychology, 67 online Available at http//www.wadsworth.com/psychology_d/templates/student_resources/0155060678_rathus/ps/ps01.html Accessed 4 November 2011Janis, I. L (1972). Victims of Groupthink A Psychological Study of conflicting Policy Decisions and Fiascoes Houghton Miffin.

Assessments for Early Childhood Programs Essay Example for Free

Assessments for Early childishness Programs EssayWilliam J. Wilson once said, The person who scored well on an sit d have will non necessarily be the best doctor or the best lawyer or the best businessman. These tests do not streak character, leadership, creativity, or perseverance. Why do we test pupils? What is the intent of appraisals? Do these tests and assessments benefit the assimilators? These atomic number 18 questions educators have been asking for years. It is impossible for one to narrow down a youngsters academic abilities based solely on a test. Yet there still demandfully to be some form of assessments performed in order to evaluate the academic level each student has reached. But how much assessing is too much? How heavily do educators rely on the results of these assessments? The main(prenominal) issues, when it comes to assessing primal childhood students, be the consequences of the assessment results and how they affect the child. According to The National Academies of Sciences, there atomic number 18 both separate regulations that support the success of assessment. The first is that the mapping of an assessment should be a guide for assessment decisions.The purpose for any assessment must be fructifyd and clearly communicated to all stake- holders before the assessment is designed or implemented. Most important, assessment designed for programs should not be used to assess individual children. Because antithetic purposes require different kinds of assessments, the purpose should drive assessment design and implementation decisions (The National Academies of Sciences, 2008). The second principle is that any assessment performed should be completed in a reproducible system of health, educational, and family support service that promote optimal development for all children.Assessment should be an integral part of a coherent system of early childhood cargon and education that includes a range of services and resources ( The National Academies of Sciences, 2008). These two principles explain the main purpose of why assessing is important and how assessments should be conducted. After having an understanding of the purpose of assessments, why is it so important to begin evaluations at such a young age? What is the purpose of evaluating infants and toddlers? source Sue Wortham explains evaluating toddlers and infants determine whether the child is developing normally or if they show any signs of hamper and need assistance. All in all, the main purpose of assessment is to benefit the child (Wortham, p. 32). The NAEYC believes that during a childs early years, evaluating and assessing their development should be the primary focus. They want to study how young children grown and learn. All the results of assessment atomic number 18 used to inform the planning and implementation of experiences, to communicate with the childs family, and to evaluate and make better teachers and programs effectiveness (W ortham, p. 4).Teachers also use assessment results to in order to plan their syllabus accordingly. So exactly do assessments search for? Assessments look not only for what the child is already equal to(p) of doing independently but also what they tramp do with the help of a teacher or other student (Wortham, p. 35). So how are they assessed exactly? There are many different assessments given to children crossways the U. S. everyday. These whitethorn be administered orally or as written works, such as questionnaires, surveys, or tests. These may include standardized tests, observations, checklists, rank scales, rubrics, interviews, or portfolios.Each of these serve a different purpose in order to give different pieces of information needed to evaluate the child in question. Standardized tests, though many disagree with them, are meant to measure individual characteristics. Observations, on the other hand, are one of the intimately effective ways to measure students characteris tics. When children are young, it rear be hard at times to determine if there are any developmental delays (Wortham, p. 39). Developmental checklists, or scopes, are mainly used at all levels of education.These checklists are lists of the learning objectives that have been established by the teacher in order to discover track of their learning and development. Items on a checklist are rated with a cast out or positive solvent from the teacher. Rating scales, unlike checklists, provide measurement on a continuum and are used when a allurement of criteria is needed to attain specific information. Another form of assessment teachers commonly use is Rubrics. Rubrics were created to evaluate current and performance assessments (Wortham, p. 41). Rubrics, like rating scales, have a range of criteria that must be met.However, unlike rating scales, rubrics can be used to not only determine the quality of performance required, but are also used to assign grades. Rubrics make it easy for students to understand what is expected and is makes it easier for teachers to grade assignments. The final types of assessments that are most frequently used are performance and portfolio assessments. These evaluations might be administered through interviews given at one time by the teacher in order to understand the childs thinking and understanding (Wortham, p. 41). Teachers may present these evaluations through directed assignments, activities, or games.The performance results are typically kept in a student or teacher portfolio. These portfolios contain samples of students work and are used as a sort of progress report card. Keeping detailed reports of students work in the portfolios help teachers keep track of their students progress and help determine which areas of learning are lacking attention (Wortham, p. 41). Overall, according to Wortham, these tests, whether administered to an individual child or a group of students, are meant to determine a students abilities, achi evements, aptitudes, interests, attitudes, values, and personality characteristics (Wortham, p. 9).Now having an understanding of the different types of assessments used to evaluate students and the purpose, let us turn to the negative and positive effect of these evaluations. It is crucial for educators to administer tests and evaluations conservatively, because it they are poorly articulated, it can lead to decisions that are unfair or unclear, and they may do harm to programs, teachers, and, most importantly, children (Snow, C. E. Van Hemel, S. B. , p. 341-342). Evaluations and assessments are not meant to punish a child, and therefore, should never be overseen lightly.It is important that the information gathered outweighs any negative effects. Editors of Early Childhood Assessment Why, What, and How, Catherine E. Snow and Susan B. Van Hemel, explain that although the same measure may be used for much than one purpose, prior consideration of all potentiality purposes is es sential, as is careful depth psychology of the actual content of the assessment instrument. Direct examination of the assessment items is important because the title of a measure does not always reflect the content (Snow, C. E. Van Hemel, S. B. , p. 346).So what are some negative effects? Negative consequences of assessment findings may include program de-funding, closing a center, firing a teacher, mislabeling a child, or a reduction in program resources (The National Academies of Sciences, 2008). These effects, such as mislabeling a student, can follow students for the rest of their education career. Once a child is entered into a program, it can be thorny at time for teachers to look past that label. Children all develop at different his or her own pace. No one child will develop and learn the same way as other child.They all grow up and develop at different stages. Yet educational theorists have been subject to observed and gather enough information to conclude that children , if divided in age groups, do die hard to follow a certain development pattern. The problem is, it is hard to determine which children are the outliers in these results without carefully administering proper assessments. Assessments are not used to necessarily judge student or punish them. Their main purpose is to help students, teachers, and parents. So what are some positive effects of assessment and evaluations?Students that benefit from assessments and evaluations are those that are properly observed and tested. Teachers also benefit from the use of assessments because it helps them create an appropriate curriculum for their students. Evaluating children at a young age can have a positive effect if a delay or disability is in fact open up, and because it was caught early, the student has a better chance of exceeding their potential in school. Catching developmental delays or disabilities at a young age is the same as finding cancer at an early stage in the sense that the earl ier the cancer is found the chances of survival are greater.Assessment results are used to plan for instruction, evaluate instructional programs, and report student progress. These are all positive results of assessments. Without the results of assessments and test, how can educators determine what to teach their students? Evaluations, if planned and administered properly, can be more beneficial than harmful. Unfortunately, not all teachers evaluate children fairly or appropriately. So it is important for parents to stay manifold in their childrens education in the event that the results of an evaluation do not match the potential of their child.Parents should know the norms and abnormalities of their childs behavior. Therefore, it is always beneficial to the child for parents and teachers to communicate. This way if a child is acting up in class, and the teacher notifies the parent, the parent may confirm any fears right away by simply saying, that isnt like him or hes just nervo us. Avoiding drastic measures and not jumping to conclusions is the proper way to evaluate a child fairly. What are the predicted long-term benefits to Early Childhood Assessments?Are assessments and student evaluations accurate? Should teachers be required to assess and evaluate students as much as they already do? These are just a few of the questions that plagued educators for years. Too much assessing has placed so much pressure on students and teachers, inevitably taking away a childs proneness to learn for the sake of learning. The purpose of assessments and evaluations is a great concept, but placing too much pressure and strain on the test results is tainting the original purpose of learning.